References

This section lists some tutorials/slides/papers about transducers.

Tutorials

• OpenFst: a General and Efficient Weighted Finite-State Transducer Library Part I. Library Design and Use

  • https://www.openfst.org/twiki/pub/FST/FstSltTutorial/part1.pdf

• OpenFst: a General and Efficient Weighted Finite-State Transducer Library Part II. Applications

  • https://www.openfst.org/twiki/pub/FST/FstSltTutorial/part2.pdf

Lecture slides

• Lecture 16: Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFST)

  • https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece417/fa2020/slides/lec16.pdf

• Graph Search and Lattices in ASR

  • http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224s/lectures/224s.22.lec12.pdf

Books

• Speech Recognition Algorithms Using WeightedFinite-State Transducers

• An Introduction to Weighted Automata in Machine Learning by Awni Hannun

  • https://awnihannun.com/writing/automata_ml/automata_in_machine_learning.pdf

Papers

• Mohri, Mehryar, Fernando Pereira, and Michael Riley. “The design principles of a weighted finite-state transducer library.” Theoretical Computer Science 231.1 (2000): 17-32.

  • https://www.openfst.org/twiki/pub/FST/FstBackground/csl01.pdf

  • https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a6be34c30184322f33389360516f3e98d6d8f5e0

• Mohri, Mehryar, Fernando Pereira, and Michael Riley. “Weighted finite-state transducers in speech recognition.” Computer Speech & Language 16.1 (2002): 69-88.

  • https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d14ea904fdb1314f047d40c4162956669ea3e9c5

• Mohri, Mehryar, Fernando Pereira, and Michael Riley. “Speech recognition with weighted finite-state transducers.” Springer Handbook of Speech Processing (2008): 559-584.

  • https://www.openfst.org/twiki/pub/FST/FstBackground/hbka.pdf

  • https://wiki.eecs.yorku.ca/course_archive/2011-12/W/6328/_media/wfst-lvcsr.pdf

• Allauzen, Cyril, et al. “OpenFst: A General and Efficient Weighted Finite-State Transducer Library.”

  • https://www.openfst.org/twiki/pub/FST/FstBackground/ciaa.pdf

• Mohri, Mehryar. “Finite-state transducers in language and speech processing.” Computational linguistics 23.2 (1997): 269-311.

Text normalization

• Mohri, Mehryar, Fernando Pereira, and Michael Riley. “Weighted automata in text and speech processing.” arXiv preprint cs/0503077 (2005).

• https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo-text-processing/blob/main/tutorials/WFST_Tutorial.ipynb

• Ebden, Peter, and Richard Sproat. “The Kestrel TTS text normalization system.” Natural Language Engineering 21.3 (2015): 333-353.

• 11. Gorman & R. Sproat. 2021. Finite-State Text Processing . Morgan & Claypool.

  A sample PDF can be found at https://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/samples/9781636391144_sample.pdf